English is difficult for Spaniards, too. (Consonants 子音)

Consonants 前回は母音でしたが､今日は子音についてであります｡

Shaded phonemes have equivalents or near equivalents in Spanish, and are perceived and articulated without serious difficulty, though even here there are some complications. Unshaded phonemes cause problems.

1. Initial voiceless plosives (/p/, /t/, /k/) are not aspirated as in English, so they often sound like /b/, /d/, /g/ to English ears.

2. Word-final voiced plosives are rare in Spanish; learners tend to use /t/ for final /d/, /k/ for final /g/ and /p/ for final /b/.

Other voiced word-final consonants also tend to be strongly devoiced, so 'rish' or rich for ridge; /beiθ/ for bathe, etc.

3. Spanish has the same three nasal phonemes as English, i.e. /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, but their assimilation to the surrounding phonetic context differs from English, so for example /aiŋgoiŋ/ is common for I'm going.

In Spanish, /n/ or /ŋ/ tends to replace /m/ in final position, so for example 'drean' or 'dreang' for dream. Final /n/ in Spanish is not always very distinct, and may be absorbed into a nasalised vowel and/or pronounced more like /ŋ/.

In Spanish, /k/ does not follow /ŋ/ at the end of a word, so sing is pronounced for both sing and sink, etc.

4. Spanish speakers tend to give b, d and g their mother-tongue values, which vary according to context. These are quite similar to English initially, but between vowels they are softer continuous sounds, not stops: /b/ is more like /v/, /d/ like /ð/, and /g/ unlike any English sound. This can make learners' pronunciation of words like robin, habit, ladder, reading, bigger, or again very difficult for a native speaker to understand.

5. In Spanish, /z/ does not exist; learners use /s/ for /z/, so pence for both pence and pens, lacy for both lacy and lazy, etc. Moreover, the European Spanish pronunciation of /s/ often approaches /ʃ/, causing confusion between pairs like see and she.

6. Spanish only has one sound in the area of /b/ and /v/ (generally pronounced as a bilabial continuant); hence confusion between pairs like bowels and vowels.

7. Of the English phonemes /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/ and /dʒ/, European Spanish only has /tʃ/, with obvious consequences for learners. Confusion is common between words such as sheep, cheap and jeep; pleasure may be pronounced as 'pletcher', 'plesher' or 'plesser', and so on. In Southern Latin America, /ʒ/ or /dʒ/ occur in words written with ll, e.g. llamar /dʒamar/.

8. Spanish /r/ is flapped and is normally pronounced in all positions; this carries over into English.

9. The nearest Spanish sound to English /h/ is a rougher sound like the ch in Scottish loch or German Bach (but written j or g). This often replaces English /h/. The sound is somewhat less harsh in American Spanish.

10. Spanish speakers often pronounce English /j/ (as in yes) rather like /dʒ/, leading to confusion between pairs such as you and Jew, year and jeer, etc.

11. Spanish speakers may pronounce /w/ rather like /b/ between vowels, e.g. /ariβalker/ for Harry Walker. Before a back vowel, /w/ may be pronounced as /gw/ or /g/: /gwʊd/ or /gʊd/ for would.

Consonant clusters

Consonant clusters are in general less frequent in Spanish than in English, so that learners have difficulty perceiving and producing English clusters. Typical simplifications:

'espres' for express 
'istan' for instant
'brefas' for breakfast
'tes' for test and text
win for win and wind
'wen' for both when and went
can for both can and can't
cars for cars, carts and cards, etc.

Note that /s/ plus another consonant, as in Spain, sceptic, stop, never occurs at the beginning of a word in Spanish, so 'Espain', 'esceptic', 'estop', etc.

English is difficult for Spaniards, too. (Vowels 母音)

    

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