マシャード・デ・アシス Machado de Assis

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis は、1839年の今日、6月21日 ブラジル帝国の首都、リオ・デ・ジャネイロ で生まれました。

父親フランシスコ・ジョゼ・デ・アシスはムラートの画家で、母親のマリア・レオポルディーナ・デ・アシスはアソーレス諸島出身でした。

現在ではブラジル文学で最も重要な作家として認められていますが、生前は有名ではありませんでした。

母語はブラジルポルトガル語でしたが、初等教育を終えただけの身でありながらも教会で習ったラテン語に加えて英語やフランス語を独学で学び、ウィリアム・シェイクスピア、ディケンズ、ダンテ、ソフォクレス、セルバンテス、ショーペンハウアーなどから影響を受けました。フランス文学の影響が強かった当時のブラジルの作家としては例外的に、アシスは英文学の影響を強く受けました。

見習い印刷工から出発し、新聞記者、編集者などを経て25歳で処女詩集『さなぎ』(1864)を出版しました。1873年に農務省に入省して公務員となり、安定した経済的基盤を基に執筆活動を続けます。

1896年にブラジル文学アカデミーを設立し、初代会長となりました。

代表作は『ブラス・クーバス死後の回想』（Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas）や、1899年に発表された『ドン・カズムーロ』（Dom Casmurro）です。

ブラジルで文学史上、最大の文豪として高く評価されている他、ブラジル国外でもアメリカ合衆国の批評家スーザン・ソンタグや文学批評家ハロルド・ブルーン、作家のフィリップ・ロス、メキシコのカルロス・フエンテスなどから高く評価されています。

Considerado el padre del realismo en Brasil, si bien de un realismo muy especial, con ecos de Sterne, escribió obras tan destacables como Memorias póstumas de Blas Cubas, Don Casmurro, Quincas Borba o Memorial de Aires.

Machado's style is unique, and several literary critics have tried to describe it since 1897.  He is considered by many the greatest Brazilian writer of all times, and one of the world's greatest novelists and short story writers. His chronicles do not share the same status. His poems are often misunderstood for the use of crude terms, sometimes associated to the style of Augusto dos Anjos, another Brazilian writer.

Machado de Assis was included on American literary critic Harold Bloom's list of the greatest 100 geniuses of literature, alongside writers such as Dante, Shakespeare and Cervantes. Bloom considers him the greatest black writer in Western literature, but his classification of him as black is based on United States's conceptions of race. These are not the same in Brazil.

His works have been studied by critics in various countries of the world, such as Giuseppe Alpi (Italy), Lourdes Andreassi (Portugal), Albert Bagby Jr. (US), Abel Barros Baptista (Portugal), Hennio Morgan Birchal (Brazil), Edoardo Bizzarri (Italy), Jean-Michel Massa (France), Helen Caldwell (US), John Gledson (England), Adrien Delpech (France), Albert Dessau (Germany), Paul B. Dixon (US), Keith Ellis (US), Edith Fowke (Canada), Anatole France (France), Richard Graham (US), Pierre Hourcade (France), David Jackson (US), Linda Murphy Kelley (US), John C. Kinnear, Alfred Mac Adam (US), Victor Orban (France), Daphne Patai (US), Houwens Post (Italy), Samuel Putnam (US), John Hyde Schmitt, Tony Tanner (England), Jack E. Tomlins (US), Carmelo Virgillo (US), Dieter Woll (Germany) and Susan Sontag (US).

Critics are divided as to the nature of Machado de Assis's writing. Some, such as Abel Barros Baptista, classify Machado as a staunch anti-realist, and argue that his writing attacks Realism, aiming to negate the possibility of representation or the existence of a meaningful objective reality. Realist critics such as John Gledson are more likely to regard Machado's work as a faithful description of Brazilian reality―but one executed with daring innovative technique. Historians such as Sydney Chalhoub argue that Machado's prose constitutes an exposé of the social, political and economic dysfunction of Second Empire Brazil. Critics agree on how he used innovative techniques to reveal the contradictions of his society. Roberto Schwarz points out that Machado's innovations in prose narrative are used to expose the hypocrisies, contradictions, and dysfunction of nineteenth-century Brazil. Schwartz, a Marxist, argues that Machado inverts many narrative and intellectual conventions to reveal the pernicious ends to which they are used. Thus we see critics reinterpret Machado according to their own designs or their perception of how best to validate him for their own historical moment. Regardless, his incisive prose shines through, able to communicate with readers from different times and places, conveying his ironic and yet tender sense of what we, as human beings, are.

Machado's literary style has inspired many Brazilian writers. His works have been adapted to television, theater and cinema. In 1975 the Comissão Machado de Assis ("Machado de Assis Commission"), organized by the Brazilian Ministry of Education and Culture, organized and published critical editions of Machado's works, in 15 volumes. His main works have been translated into many languages. Great 20th century writers such as Salman Rushdie, Cabrera Infante and Carlos Fuentes, as well as the American film director Woody Allen, have proclaimed their enthusiasm for his fiction. Despite the efforts and patronage of such well-known intellectuals as Susan Sontag, Harold Bloom, and Elizabeth Hardwick, Machado's books―the most famous of which are available in English in multiple translations―have never achieved large sales in the English-speaking world and he continues to be relatively unknown, even in comparison with other Latin American writers.

In his works, Machado appeals directly to the reader, breaking the so-called fourth wall.

以下のページにブラジル文学の翻訳文献の紹介があります。

<http://www.brasemb.or.jp/culture/books.php>

また、紹介､作品の原文(ポルトガル語)は

<http://www.machadodeassis.net/>

にあります。

ご意見、ご質問等ございましたら、 <ernestotaju@yahoo.co.jp>  へ。